South Africa’s mRNA vaccine development is threatened by Moderna’s extensive patents in the country, which could potentially cover any mRNA technology. Outdated intellectual property regulations facilitated the granting of these patents, and Moderna’s actions against other pharmaceutical companies suggest a desire for total control over mRNA technology. South Africa urgently requires comprehensive patent examination procedures, avenues to oppose patents before and after they’re awarded, and efficient compulsory and governmentuse processes to safeguard its scientific innovations and ensure accessible and affordable healthcare for its citizens. The clock is ticking, and legislative action is needed to protect South Africa’s contributions to global health and its citizens’ right to affordable healthcare.